Reference: Budge, Ian, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, and Eric Tanenbaum 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments, 1945-1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, Ian Budge, and Michael D. McDonald. 2006. Mapping Policy Preferences II: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments in Central and Eastern Europe, European Union and OECD 1990-2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Volkens, Andrea, Judith Bara, Ian Budge, and Michael D. McDonald. 2013. Mapping Policy Preferences from Texts III: Statistical Solutions for Manifesto Analysts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. —
Description:
election programs for democratic elections (since 1945)
Dataset type: core member (core)
ParlGov
Countries: 37 –
Parties: 1406 –
Linked: 1406
Years: 1900 – 2020
Reference: Döring, Holger and Philip Manow 2021: Parliaments and governments database (ParlGov): Information on parties, elections and cabinets in modern democracies. Development version. —
Description:
parties, election results, governments (Europe, since 1900)
Dataset type: core member (core)
Wikipedia
Countries: 213 –
Parties: 4050 –
Linked: 4050
Years: 1900 – 2020
Reference: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · en.wikipedia.org —
Description:
party information from Wikipedia
Comment: Wikipedia data from Infobox and Wikidata for Party Facts core parties.
Automatically linked during import based on "partyfacts_id".
Dataset type: information (info)
CHES
Countries: 39 –
Parties: 540 –
Linked: 540
Years: 1999 – 2017
Reference: Polk, Jonathan, Jan Rovny, Ryan Bakker, Erica Edwards, Liesbet Hooghe, Seth Jolly, Jelle Koedam, Filip Kostelka, Gary Marks, Gijs Schumacher, Marco Steenbergen, Milada Vachudova and Marko Zilovic. 2017. "Explaining the salience of anti-elitism and reducing political corruption for political parties in Europe with the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey data," Research & Politics (January-March): 1-9.
Ryan Bakker, Catherine de Vries, Erica Edwards, Liesbet Hooghe, Seth Jolly, Gary Marks, Jonathan Polk, Jan Rovny, Marco Steenbergen, and Milada Vachudova. 2015. "Measuring party positions in Europe: The Chapel Hill expert survey trend file, 1999-2010." Party Politics 21.1: 143-152. —
Description:
expert surveys on European integration, ideology and policies
Dataset type: partner project (partner)
CLEA
Countries: 156 –
Parties: 2269 –
Linked: 2269
Years: 1800 – 2014
Reference: Kollman, Ken, Allen Hicken, Daniele Caramani, David Backer, and David Lublin. 2018. “Constituency-Level Elections Archive (CLEA). 2018 Version (20180507). Produced and Distributed by Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan.” —
Description:
election results at the constituency level
Dataset type: partner project (partner)
EJPR PDY
Countries: 37 –
Parties: 659 –
Linked: 659
Years: 1991 – 2015
Reference: European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook (EJPR PDY) —
Description:
election results and governments (Europe, since 1990s)
Dataset type: partner project (partner)
V-Party
Countries: 178 –
Parties: 3498 –
Linked: 3498
Years: 1900 – 2019
Reference: Lührmann, Anna, Nils Düpont, Masaaki Higashijima, Yaman Berker Kavasoglu, Kyle L. Marquardt, Michael Bernhard, Holger Döring, Allen Hicken, Melis Laebens, Staffan I. Lindberg, Juraj Medzihorsky, Anja Neundorf, Ora John Reuter, Saskia Ruth-Lovell, Keith R. Weghorst, Nina Wiesehomeier, JosephWright, Nazifa Alizada, Paul Bederke, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Johannes von Römer, Steven Wilson, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim. 2020. Varieties of Party Identity and Organisation (V–Party) Dataset V1. doi: 10.23696/vpartydsv1 —
Description:
global expert survey and election results
Comment: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project
Dataset type: partner project (partner)
CHISOLS
Countries: 152 –
Parties: 1129 –
Linked: 1129
Years: 1919 – 2008
Reference: Mattes, Michaela, Brett Ashley Leeds, and Naoko Matsumura. 2016. “Measuring Change in Source of Leader Support: The CHISOLS Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 53(2): 259–67. —
Description:
elites (PM, president) and governments (global, 1919–2008)
Dataset type: main dataset (main)
DPI
Countries: 171 –
Parties: 1693 –
Linked: 1693
Years: 1975 – 2015
Reference: Cruz, Cesi, Philip Keefer, and Carlos Scartascini. 2016. “The Database of Political Institutions 2015 (DPI2015).” https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/7408. —
Reference: + ESS Round 1: European Social Survey Round 1 Data (2002). Data file edition 6.6. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS1-2002.
+ ESS Round 2: European Social Survey Round 2 Data (2004). Data file edition 3.6. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS2-2004.
+ ESS Round 3: European Social Survey Round 3 Data (2006). Data file edition 3.7. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS3-2006.
+ ESS Round 4: European Social Survey Round 4 Data (2008). Data file edition 4.5. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS4-2008.
+ ESS Round 5: European Social Survey Round 5 Data (2010). Data file edition 3.4. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS5-2010.
+ ESS Round 6: European Social Survey Round 6 Data (2012). Data file edition 2.4. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS6-2012.
+ ESS Round 7: European Social Survey Round 7 Data (2014). Data file edition 2.2. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS7-2014.
+ ESS Round 8: European Social Survey Round 8 Data (2016). Data file edition 2.1. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS8-2016.
+ ESS Round 9: European Social Survey Round 9 Data (2018). Data file edition 1.2. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS9-2018. —
Description:
public opinion surveys ["party closer to"] (Europe, 2002–2018)
Comment: European Social Survey (ESS) Rounds 1-9 — prtc* variables — "Which party feel closer to, [...]"
Dataset type: main dataset (main)
ESS prtv*
Countries: 37 –
Parties: 756 –
Linked: 756
Years: 2002 – 2018
Reference: + ESS Round 1: European Social Survey Round 1 Data (2002). Data file edition 6.6. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS1-2002.
+ ESS Round 2: European Social Survey Round 2 Data (2004). Data file edition 3.6. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS2-2004.
+ ESS Round 3: European Social Survey Round 3 Data (2006). Data file edition 3.7. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS3-2006.
+ ESS Round 4: European Social Survey Round 4 Data (2008). Data file edition 4.5. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS4-2008.
+ ESS Round 5: European Social Survey Round 5 Data (2010). Data file edition 3.4. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS5-2010.
+ ESS Round 6: European Social Survey Round 6 Data (2012). Data file edition 2.4. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS6-2012.
+ ESS Round 7: European Social Survey Round 7 Data (2014). Data file edition 2.2. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS7-2014.
+ ESS Round 8: European Social Survey Round 8 Data (2016). Data file edition 2.1. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS8-2016.
+ ESS Round 9: European Social Survey Round 9 Data (2018). Data file edition 1.2. NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS9-2018. —
Description:
public opinion surveys ["party voted for"] (Europe, 2002–2018)
Comment: European Social Survey (ESS) Rounds 1-9 — prtv* variables — "Party voted for in last national election, [...]"
Dataset type: main dataset (main)
Huber / Inglehart (1995)
Countries: 42 –
Parties: 302 –
Linked: 302
Years: 1990 – 1995
Reference: Huber, John D., and Ronald Inglehart. 1995. “Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies.” Party Politics 1(1): 73–111. —
Description:
expert survey on parties' left/right positions
Dataset type: main dataset (main)
Kitschelt (2013)
Countries: 88 –
Parties: 507 –
Linked: 507
Years: 2008 – 2009
Reference: Kitschelt, Herbert. 2013. “Dataset of the Democratic Accountability and Linkages Project (DALP).” Duke University. http://sites.duke.edu/democracylinkage. —
Description:
expert survey on leadership accountability
Dataset type: main dataset (main)
PolCon
Countries: 180 –
Parties: 1671 –
Linked: 1671
Years: 1800 – 2012
Reference: Henisz, W. J. 2000. “The Institutional Environment for Economic Growth.” Economics & Politics 12(1): 1–31. —
Description:
election results and governments (global)
Dataset type: main dataset (main)
PPMD (2006)
Countries: 47 –
Parties: 370 –
Linked: 370
Years: 2003 – 2004
Reference: Benoit, Kenneth and Michael Laver. 2006. Party Policy in Modern Democracies. London: Routledge. —
Description:
expert survey on party policy in modern democracies
Dataset type: main dataset (main)
World Values Survey
Countries: 84 –
Parties: 573 –
Linked: 573
Years: 1990 – 2015
Reference: World Values Survey 1981-2014 Longitudinal Aggregate v.20150418. World Values Survey Association (www.worldvaluessurvey.org). Aggregate File Producer: JDSystems, Madrid SPAIN. —
Description:
public opinion surveys on changing values (1981–2014)
Comment: vote intention question used to calculate party size information
Dataset type: main dataset (main)
African Elections DB
Countries: 49 –
Parties: 586 –
Linked: 586
Years: 1910 – 2012
Reference: Nunley, A. (2012). African Elections Database. [online] Africanelections.tripod.com. Available at: http://africanelections.tripod.com/index.html [Accessed 24 Dec. 2018]. —
Description:
election results in Sub-Saharan Africa
Comment: A database of election results in Sub-Saharan Africa
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Afrobarometer (2016)
Countries: 35 –
Parties: 116 –
Linked: 116
Years: 2015 – 2016
Reference: Afrobarometer, Merged Round 6 data (36 countries) (2016), available at http://www.afrobarometer.org. —
Description:
public opinion surveys in Africa
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
CCS
Countries: 27 –
Parties: 269 –
Linked: 269
Years: 2005 – 2017
Reference: CCS 2016. Comparative Candidates Survey Module I - 2005-2013 [Dataset - cumulative file]. Distributed by FORS, Lausanne, 2016.
CCS 2018. Comparative Candidates Survey Wave II - 2013-2018 [Dataset - cumulative file]. Distributed by FORS, Lausanne, 2018. doi: 10.23662/FORS-DS-886-2 —
Description:
candidates surveys (2005-2018)
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Coppedge (1997)
Countries: 11 –
Parties: 253 –
Linked: 253
Years: 1912 – 1995
Reference: Coppedge, Michael. 1997. “A Classification of Latin American Political Parties.” . Kellogg Institute for International Studies -- Working Paper #244. https://kellogg.nd.edu/documents/1539. —
Description:
classification of Latin American parties
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
CSES-IMD
Countries: 55 –
Parties: 692 –
Linked: 692
Years: 1996 – 2016
Reference: The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES Integrated Module Dataset (IMD) [dataset and documentation]. December 4, 2018 version. doi: 10.7804/cses.imd.2018-12-04 —
Description:
public opinion surveys elections
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Elections Global
Countries: 206 –
Parties: 3355 –
Linked: 3355
Years: 1880 – 2015
Reference: Döring, Holger and Nils Düpont. 2020. "Elections Global: Election results in 207 countries, 1880–2015", Harvard Dataverse. doi: 10.7910/DVN/OGOURC —
Description:
election results (1880–2015)
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
EPAC (2018)
Countries: 22 –
Parties: 293 –
Linked: 293
Years: 2011 – 2016
Reference: Szöcsik, Edina, and Christina Zuber. 2015. “EPAC: A New Dataset on Ethnonationalism in Party Competition in 22 European Democracies.” Party Politics 21(1): 153–60.
Zuber, Christina Isabel, and Edina Szöcsik. 2018. “The Second Edition of the EPAC Expert Survey on Ethnonationalism in Party Competition – Testing for Validity and Reliability.” Regional & Federal Studies. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/13597566.2018.1512975. —
Reference: Hix, Simon, Abdul G. Noury, and Gérard Roland. 2007. Democratic Politics in the European Parliament. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. —
Description:
roll call votes European Parliament (1979–2009)
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
ERDDA (2013)
Countries: 29 –
Parties: 464 –
Linked: 464
Years: 1945 – 2013
Reference: Andersson, Staffan, Torbjörn Bergman, and Svante Ersson. 2013. “The European Representative Democracy Data Archive, Release 2. Main Sponsor: Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (In2007-0149:1-E) -- www.erdda.se” —
Description:
governments in Europe (since 1945)
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
euandi (GPS)
Countries: 28 –
Parties: 243 –
Linked: 243
Years: 2014 – 2014
Reference: Trechsel, Alexander H.; Garzia, Diego; De Sio, Lorenzo (2015): euandi (General Population Survey) - User Profiles in the 2014 European Elections. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA5970 Data file Version 2.0.0, doi: 10.4232/1.12246 —
Description:
party profiles in 2014 EP election
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Global Elections DB
Countries: 55 –
Parties: 664 –
Linked: 664
Years: 1944 – 2009
Reference: Brancati, Dawn. 2018. Global Elections Database. New York: Global Elections Database, Date Accessed 11/03/2018. Website: http://www.globalelectionsdatabase.com. —
Description:
national lower house elections
Comment: We combined the tables from the website.
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
IPOD
Countries: 21 –
Parties: 287 –
Linked: 287
Years: 1944 – 2015
Reference: Giger, Nathalie, and Gijs Schumacher. 2015. "Integrated Party Organization Dataset (IPOD)". Harvard Dataverse, V2, UNF:6:WiOQKr+f99ODlCmwZzKxUg== [fileUNF] doi: 10.7910/DVN/PE8TWP —
Description:
integrated party organization data
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Janda (1980)
Countries: 53 –
Parties: 158 –
Linked: 158
Years: 1950 – 1962
Reference: Janda, Kenneth. 1980. Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York, NY: The Free Press. —
Description:
parties in the world (1950–1962)
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Jennings / Wlezien
Countries: 31 –
Parties: 201 –
Linked: 201
Years: 2000 – 2017
Reference: Jennings, Will, and Christopher Wlezien. 2018. “Election Polling Errors across Time and Space.” Nature Human Behaviour 2(4): 276–83. —
Description:
election polling information (since 1940s)
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
KUREP (2012)
Countries: 27 –
Parties: 210 –
Linked: 210
Years: 2007 – 2008
Reference: Rohrschneider, Robert, and Stephen Whitefield. 2012. The Strain of Representation: How Parties Represent Diverse Voters in Western and Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press.
-----, ‘An Expert Survey of 208 Parties in Europe’. —
Description:
expert surveys in West and Central-Eastern Europe
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
LAEDA
Countries: 24 –
Parties: 222 –
Linked: 222
Years: 1934 – 2010
Reference: Mustillo, Tom. 2012. “Latin American and Caribbean, Lower House Election Results, 1934-2010.” https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/17851 (November 1, 2018). —
Description:
election results Latin America and Caribbean
Description:
members and activists of political parties
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Morgan (1976)
Countries: 12 –
Parties: 139 –
Linked: 139
Years: 1919 – 1978
Reference: Morgan, Michael-John. 1976. “The Modelling of Governmental Coalition Formation: A Policy-Based Approach with Interval Measurement.” University of Michigan. —
Description:
expert survey to study coalition formation
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Mudde (2007)
Countries: 34 –
Parties: 111 –
Linked: 111
Years: 1961 – 2007
Reference: Mudde, C. (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511492037 —
Description:
populist radical right parties in Europe
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
ParlSpeech
Countries: 11 –
Parties: 157 –
Linked: 157
Years: 1987 – 2019
Reference: Rauh, Christian and Schwalbach, Jan. 2020. "The ParlSpeech V2 data set: Full-text corpora of 6.3 million parliamentary speeches in the key legislative chambers of nine representative democracies", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/L4OAKN, Harvard Dataverse, V1 —
Description:
annotated plenary speeches
Comment: The ParlSpeech V2 data set: Full-text corpora of 6.3 million parliamentary speeches in the key legislative chambers of nine representative democracies
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Parties-PostYug
Countries: 7 –
Parties: 148 –
Linked: 148
Years: 1990 – 2016
Reference: Todorić, Nikola, Holger Döring and Christina Zuber. 2018. "Parties-PostYug". Harvard Dataverse, V1. UNF:6:dkfn4zkZeFCdIU/oIZ9GOA== [fileUNF] doi: 10.7910/DVN/WWHXDY —
Description:
parties in countries succeeding Yugoslavia
Comment: Parties-PostYug: Data on parties, elections and governments in post-Yugoslav democracies
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
PIP
Countries: 36 –
Parties: 572 –
Linked: 572
Years: 1944 – 2016
Reference: Jahn, Detlef, Nils Düpont, Sven Kosanke, and Christoph Oberst together with Thomas Behm and Martin Rachuj. 2018. “PIP – Parties, Institutions & Preferences: PIP Collection [Version 2018-02].” Chair of Comparative Politics, University of Greifswald. —
Description:
parties, institutions, preferences
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
POPPA
Countries: 28 –
Parties: 252 –
Linked: 252
Years: 2018 – 2018
Reference: Meijers, Maurits and Andrej Zaslove. 2020. "Populism and Political Parties Expert Survey 2018 (POPPA)". Harvard Dataverse, V1. doi: 10.7910/DVN/8NEL7B —
Description:
populism and parties expert survey
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
PPDB (2017)
Countries: 19 –
Parties: 122 –
Linked: 122
Years: 2002 – 2014
Reference: Poguntke, Thomas, Susan Scarrow, and Paul Webb. 2017. Political Party Database Round 1a. doi: 10.7910/DVN/0NM7KZ
Poguntke, Thomas, Susan E Scarrow, Paul D Webb, Elin H Allern, Nicholas Aylott, Ingrid van Biezen, Enrico Calossi, Marina Costa Lobo, William P Cross, Kris Deschouwer, Zsolt Enyedi, Elodie Fabre, David M Farrell, Anika Gauja, Eugenio Pizzimenti, Petr Kopecký, Ruud Koole, Wolfgang C Müller, Karina Kosiara-Pedersen, Gideon Rahat, Aleks Szczerbiak, Emilie van Haute, Tània Verge. 2016. Party Rules, Party Resources and the Politics of Parliamentary Democracies: How Parties Organize in the 21st Century. Party Politics 22(6): 661–78. doi: 10.1177/1354068816662493 —
Description:
party organization in Europe
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
PPLA (2009)
Countries: 18 –
Parties: 163 –
Linked: 163
Years: 2006 – 2007
Reference: Wiesehomeier, Nina, and Kenneth Benoit. 2009. “Presidents, Parties and Policy Competition.” The Journal of Politics 71(4):1435–47. —
Description:
expert survey parties and presidents in Latin America
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Ray (1999)
Countries: 17 –
Parties: 191 –
Linked: 191
Years: 1984 – 1996
Reference: Ray, Leonard. 1999. “Measuring Party Orientations towards European Integration: Results from an Expert Survey.” European Journal of Political Research 36(2): 283–306. —
Description:
expert survey on European Integration
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
TAP
Countries: 32 –
Parties: 172 –
Linked: 172
Years: 1980 – 2020
Reference: Timbro Authoritarian Populism index. Timbro & The Foundation for Free Enterprise. —
Description:
populism index Europe
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
The PopuList
Countries: 31 –
Parties: 213 –
Linked: 213
Years: 1989 – 2019
Reference: Rooduijn, M., Van Kessel, S., Froio, C., Pirro, A., De Lange, S., Halikiopoulou, D., Lewis, P., Mudde, C. & Taggart, P. (2019). The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe. http://www.popu-list.org. —
Description:
populist parties in Europe (since 1989)
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
Voteview
Countries: 1 –
Parties: 39 –
Linked: 39
Years: 1789 – 2020
Reference: Jeffrey B. Lewis et al. 2020. “Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database.” —
Description:
roll call votes United States (since 1789)
Dataset type: all dataset (all)
EES 2014
Countries: 28 –
Parties: 200 –
Linked: 200
Years: 2014 – 2014
Reference: Schmitt, Hermann, Sebastian A. Popa, Sara B. Hobolt, and Eftichia Teperoglou. 2014. European Parliament Election Study 2014, Voter Study. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA5160 Data File Version 2.0.0, doi: 10.4232/1. 12300.
Schmitt, Hermann, Sara Hobolt, and Sebastian Adrian Popa. 2015. “Does Personalization Increase Turnout? Spitzenkandidaten in the 2014 European Parliament Elections.” European Union Politics 16(3): 347–68. —
Description:
public opinion survey European Parliament election 2014
Dataset type: article dataset (article)
Thomas (1975)
Countries: 12 –
Parties: 56 –
Linked: 56
Years: 1870 – 1960
Reference: Thomas, John Clayton. 1975. “The Decline of Ideology in Western Political Parties: A Study of Changing Policy Orientations.” London; Beverly Hills, CA. Sage Professional Papers in Contemporary Political Sociology. —
Description:
policy orientations of Western parties
